jueves, 1 de noviembre de 2007

Absolutamente Así Oigo!!!




El oído absoluto se refiere a la habilidad de identificar una nota por su nombre sin la ayuda de una nota referencial, o ser capaz de producir exactamente una nota solicitada (cantando) sin ninguna referencia.

Habilidad para identificar con mayor o menor exactitud el nombre convencional (la nota) correspondiente a una frecuencia oída. Esta capacidad está relacionada con la memoria auditiva (la capacidad de recordar ciertos sonidos). La proporción de personas con oído absoluto en Estados Unidos es de 1 cada 10.000 habitantes.

Tipos de oído absoluto

Oído absoluto pasivo:

Las personas con oído absoluto pasivo son capaces de identificar las notas individuales que escuchan, y pueden identificar la tonalidad de una composición (asumiendo que posean un cierto nivel de conocimiento musical), pero no son capaces de cantar la nota que se les requiera.

Entre los autistas y los savants , la incidencia del oído absoluto se encuentra en 1/20 o más. El oído absoluto también es común entre aquellos que tienen el Síndrome de Williams.

Oído absoluto activo:

Las personas con oído absoluto activo son capaces de cantar cualquier nota solicitada, sin ninguna nota referencial. El número de poseedores de oído absoluto activo en Estados Unidos está en la proporción de 1/10.000.

No todas las personas con oído absoluto activo son músicos. Sin embargo, la preparación musical es necesaria para el completo desarrollo del potencial auditivo de una persona con oído absoluto.

Oído absoluto muy fino:

Las personas con oído absoluto muy fino no sólo son capaces de reconocer una nota por su nombre, sino que pueden reconocer cuando la nota está ligeramente más aguda («sobreaguda») o ligeramente más baja (calada o calante) con respecto al sistema de afinación común (basado en el la4 = 440 Hz). Esta habilidad es extremadamente rara.

Algunos músicos con oído absoluto muy fino pueden reconocer si una obra está desafinada con respecto a la afinación común a una distancia de pocos savarts. Un savart es la unidad de afinación, o sea la cantidad de desafinación que puede percibir un oído relativo entrenado. Equivale a 4 cents. Un cent es la centésima parte de un semitono (no dividido en partes aritméticamente iguales, sino en partes logarítmicamente iguales).

Musicos Famosos con oído absoluto

Michelle Branch: "Como Yanni y Paul Shaffer, ella posee el raro don conocido como oído absoluto."
Mariah Carey: "Afortunadamente, ella descubrió el arte de cantar y tenía un talento natural para aquel. Teniendo oído absoluto, podía cantar exactamente lo que oía a los cuatro años."
Ray Charles: tenía oído absoluto de acuerdo a las series de American Masters en PBS.
Alexa Ray Joel: "Tenía oído absoluto desde pequeña." (Billy Joel)
Nicolas Slonimsky: "Descubrí tempranamente en mi vida que poseía el precioso don del oído absoluto...".
Piotr Ilich Chaikovski: "El niño reveló un oído absoluto y una notable memoria musical."

Charly Garcia y el oido absoluto



Trabajar en la Universidad me dio la oportunidad de conocer, en un conversatorio de sonido, al que fue por varios años brazo derecho del cantante argentino Charly García y sonidista de grandes grupos como U2, Oasis y The Fugees.

La charla que dio el español Marco url-baneado estuvo más que interesante, no solo porque habló de música y sonido, sino también porque el genial Rafo Ráez lo acompañó en la conversación ante decenas de alumnos.

Fue precisamente Rafo que citó a Charly García para dar inició a un inesperado ciclo de anécdotas con el cantante argentino quien, a diferencia de muchos, acepta a las personas gracias a características que ni ellos mismos saben que las tienen.

Cuenta Rafo, citando a Charly, que todas las personas tenemos afinidad por notas, es decir que las conversaciones giran en torno a un acorde y que muchos se llevan mal sencillamente porque no están en el mismo acorde.

Para explicar mejor esta idea, Marcos url-baneado contó que en una ocasión Charly le dijo “Quiero saber cuál es tu resonancia, cuál es tu nota”. Marcos se sintió extrañado por esta pregunta a lo que el cantante le explicó “Si mira, tienes que hacer una cosa, respira profundo, abre la boca” y tras darle un golpecito le dijo “tu estás afinado en SOL, tu caja toráxico, tu caja de resonancia es SOL, y eso es agradable para mi porque, por ejemplo, yo a los SI no los soporto, a los que están afinados en SI no los soporto”.

Como era de esperarse, la risa y el asombro se apoderó de todos los asistentes. Más adelante se explicó que Charly tiene un oído absoluto, es decir, que con solo oír un sonido, sabe en que nota está. Tanto ha desarrollado con los años Charly esta cualidad que hasta las bocinas de los automóviles sabe en que nota están, como aquella vez que fue a Madrid, según recuerda Marcos.

“¿Por qué en Madrid todas las bocinas están afinadas en MI. Todas están afinadas en MI y eso me gusta mucho porque puedo dormir. En Buenos Aires están afinadas en LA y no puedo dormir porque me pone nervioso”, le dijo Charly al sonidista español.

Ojo, cabe señalar que no todos tienen un oído absoluto y muchos que lo tienen, no lo saben porque no se dedican a la música ni a estudiar los sonidos. Quisiera saber en que nota estoy afinado.

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